Saturday, March 21, 2020
General Phonetics Essay Example
General Phonetics Essay Example General Phonetics Paper General Phonetics Paper Introduction 1Phonetics as branch of linguistics . The word phonetics is derived from the Greek word phone such means sound and is used in two different meanings: a. to some authors usually non phoneticians phonetics is that part of grammar which deals with special sounds. b. To phoneticians however phonetics is an independent branch of linguistics which is concerned with the phonetic structure of language. On the one hand phonetics is quite independent and develops according to its own laws. Today the sphere of phonetics is wilder and deeper than ever before phonemes and their distribution in words their nutrial adaptation sprees syllable intonation the relation between oral and written speech and number of other problems have now become objects of phonetics investigation, on the other hand phonetics is closely connected with a number of other sciences such as physics †¦or rather acoustics, biology, physiology and others. Phonetics is an essential part of language a definite form. The vocabulary and grammar of a language can function only when the language has phonetic form. 2 Branches of phonetics. Phonetics is an independent branch of linguistics that has in its turn developed branches of its own. The most important of these are special phonetics and general phonetics. Special phonetics may be subdivided into describing phonetics and is historical phonetics. Special phonetics is concerned with subsection 1 with the study of the phonetic structure of one language only in its static form at particular period synchronically which is describtic phonetics which is describtic phonetics. Subsection with the study of phonetic structure of a language in its historical developments the diachronically which is historical phonetics. : General phonetics is based on the extensive material which the special phonetics of a great number of languages provides. It is also based on other sciences such as physics, psychology etc. as a result of the fact that it diverses its factual material from special phonetics, general phonetics has been able to make a number of general conclusions concerting the complex nature of speech sounds it has been able to analyze speech sound from different points of view and to formulate a number of important theories the phoneme theory, the theory of syllable formation stress ,intonation etc. On the one hand general phonetics is based on the date of special phonetics. On the other hand general phonetics provides valuable theoretical material which enables to understand clearly and to interprete correctly the different phonetic phenomena of concrete languages. Experimental phonetics and comparative phonetics are frequently considered to be branches as methods of investigation. 3Methods of investigation. Methods of investigations used in phonetics vary but there are 3 principle methods. The direct observation methods, the linguistic method,the experimental method . a. The direct observation method comprises three important modes of analyses . By ear,by sight and by muscular sensation. Investigation by means of these methods can be effective only if the persons it has been specially trained to observe the minutest movements of their own and other people’s speech organs and to distinguish the slightest variations in sound quality. b. The aim of the linguistic method of investigation of any concrete phonetic phenomena such as sound, stress, intonation or any other feature is to determine in what way all of these phonetic features are used in a language to convey a certain meaning. c. The experimental method is based as a rule upon the use of special apparatus or instruments such as the disk player ,the spectrograph etc. So by means of the 3 methods mentioned above we are able to detect the different features and aspects of speech sounds. 4. 3 Speech sounds Speech sounds are of a complex nature and have 3 different aspects – acoustic, Biological and linguistic a . Sounds can be analyze from the acoustic point of view. Been an acoustic phenomena they share their properties with other acoustic phenomena. This like any other sounds speech sounds are communicated to the air in the form of a sound wave. Speech sounds of pitch ,intensity,tember likewise musical tones and noises may be distinguished among them. b. Speech sounds may also be considered from the biological point of view as phenomena resulting from the activities of the speech organs. . It is clear from the above that speech sounds are acoustic as well as biological phenomena. However it is their third aspect the linguistic aspect that made them the subject of linguistic investigation. One or another acoustic or biological characteristic of speech sounds can arouse the interest of linguists in proportion to its linguistic significant in other words it is not enough to be ab le to detect by means of experiment and observation the minutest sound features. One should be able to determine in what way speech sounds can function as significant sound limits or phonemes. 5. The phoneme theory. a. The phoneme is a set of phonetically similar ,but slightly different sounds in of language that are heard as the same sound the native speaker and are representative in phonetic transcription by the same symbol as in English the phonetically differentiated sounds represented by `p` in pin,spin and tip . So there are variants of `p` which have different phonetic values in different contexts. Few Englishmen are †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. f these differences although they will never make a mistake in applying them and will immediately feel something wrong with the pronunciation of anyone who does not apply them correctly or to put it another way native speakers do not preserve as distings sounds all variants of the phoneme `p` in pin,spin and tip these variants of the phoneme are called allophones. 6. Pronunciation standard of British English Towards the ends of the epoch of Feudalism due to varies causes political, cultural, commercial , economic , one of the local dialects existing at that time took precedence over all the others. That outstanding dialect became the foundation of the national language of the state. The national language of England developed on the bases of the London dialect, because London expanded rapidly into an important centre of commerce, industry and learning as early as 14th century. This process was accelerated by the spread of learning and literature. The pronunciation of literally English is termed Received Pronunciation. Since all speakers of British English considered this type of pronunciation to be correct and good Received Pronunciation has been accepted everywhere as standard for the teaching of English foreigners. The American Pronunciation standard should not be chosen for teaching purposes for a number of very varied reasons . The APS is not quite so definite as the British norm. The APS is comparatively new and has no long tradition to back it. Besides it is less uniform than British RP and some phonetic phenomena have not yet become stabilized, because of the lack of uniformity of the American population. Speech organs : nazel ,lips,teeth,vocal cords ,tongue Tip,roth,blade,frout,centre,back Pharynx Uvula Soft palate Hard palate Alveolar ridge Consonants 1 Fricative They are sounds that involve a near clogged with
Thursday, March 5, 2020
The Remote Past Tense in Italian
The Remote Past Tense in Italian The remote past tense (passato remoto), although typically used to talk about history or in literature, is actually a simple tense and is formed by one word. In general, as we referenced, it refers to the historical past or to events that have happened in the distant past relative to the speaker. However, there are many places in the south of Italy that still use the remote past tense as the passato prossimo. For example, someone might use the past remote tense to talk about something that happened just two weeks ago. How to Form the Past Remote Tense Follow this format to form the passato remoto of regular verbs: For -are verbs, drop the infinitive ending and add one of these personal endings to the root: -ai, -asti, -à ², -ammo, -aste, -arono.For -ere verbs, drop the infinitive ending and add these personal endings to the root: -ei, -esti, -à ©, -emmo, -este, -erono. Note that many regular -ere verbs have an alternative form in the first person singular, third person singular, and third person plural forms.For -ire verbs, drop the infinitive ending and add these personal endings to the root: -ii, -isti, -à , -immo, -iste, -irono. Here are a few examples of how the remote past is used in Italian: Dante si rifugià ² a Ravenna. - Dante took refuge in Ravenna.Petrarca morà ¬ nel 1374. - Petrarca died in 1374.Michelangelo nacque nel 1475. - Michelangelo was born in 1475. The table below provides examples of three regular Italian verbs (one of each class) conjugated in the remote past tense. Conjugating Italian Verbs in the Remote Past Tense PARLARE RICEVERE CAPIRE io parlai ricevei (ricevetti) capii tu parlasti ricevesti capisti lui, lei, Lei parl ricev (ricevette) cap noi parlammo ricevemmo capimmo voi parlaste riceveste capiste loro, Loro parlarono riceverono (ricevettero) capirono Irregular Verbs in the Past Remote Tense Like with most verbs in Italian, there are plenty of irregular ones in the past remote tense. Here are five common verbs. 1) Essere – To be fui                   fummo fosti                foste fu                    furono - Albert Einstein fu un uomo di grande saggezza. – Albert Einstein was a man of great wisdom. - â€Å"Fatti non foste per viver come bruti†¦Ã¢â‚¬ - â€Å"Consider your origins: You were not born to live like brutes. [Dante, La Divina Commedia, canto XXVI) 2) Avere – To have ebbi               avemmo avesti            aveste ebbe              ebbero - Ebbero cosà ¬ tanta fortuna da vincere persino il primo premio della lotteria nazionale! - They had such luck that they also won the first prize of the National Lottery! - Giulia ebbe il coraggio di donare un rene a sua sorella. - Giulia had the courage to donate a kidney to her sister. 3) Fare – To do/make feci                 facemmo facesti           faceste fece               fecero - Con pochi soldi fecero un matrimonio bellissimo. – They set up a beautiful wedding with little money. - Facemmo tutto il possibile per riportare alla luce l’affresco di Raffaello. - We did everything possible to bring to light Raffaello’s fresco. 4) Stare – To stay/to be stetti              stemmo stesti             steste stette             stettero - Mi ricordo che stetti in silenzio tutta la festa. Ero troppo timida! - I remember I spent the whole party without saying a word. I was too shy! - I feriti, dopo la scoperta della penicillina nel 1937, stettero subito meglio. - The wounded felt immediately better after the discovery of penicillin in 1937. 5) Dire – To say dissi              dicemmo dicesti           diceste disse             dissero - Cimabue disse: â€Å"L’allievo ha superato il maestro.†– Cimabue said: â€Å"The pupil has surpassed the teacher.†- Romeo e Giulietta si dissero parole d’amore che sono arrivate fino ai nostri tempi! - Romeo and Juliet said words of love to each other that have persisted until the present!
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